diff --git a/backend/src/app.ts b/backend/src/app.ts
index 211a53dab..0fe39ae80 100644
--- a/backend/src/app.ts
+++ b/backend/src/app.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-import { patchRouterParam } from './utils/patchAsyncRoutes';
+// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-var-requires
+const { patchRouterParam } = require('./utils/patchAsyncRoutes');
+
 import express from 'express';
 import helmet from 'helmet';
 import cors from 'cors';
@@ -6,7 +8,7 @@ import cookieParser from 'cookie-parser';
 import dotenv from 'dotenv';
 
 dotenv.config();
-import { PORT, NODE_ENV, SITE_URL, LICENSE_KEY } from './config';
+import { PORT, NODE_ENV, SITE_URL } from './config';
 import { apiLimiter } from './helpers/rateLimiter';
 
 import {
@@ -38,8 +40,8 @@ import { getLogger } from './utils/logger';
 import { RouteNotFoundError } from './utils/errors';
 import { requestErrorHandler } from './middleware/requestErrorHandler';
 
-//* Patch Async route params to handle Promise Rejections
-patchRouterParam()
+// patch async route params to handle Promise Rejections
+patchRouterParam();
 
 export const app = express();
 
diff --git a/backend/src/ee/services/EESecretService.ts b/backend/src/ee/services/EESecretService.ts
index 9cc5fba2f..643f763f1 100644
--- a/backend/src/ee/services/EESecretService.ts
+++ b/backend/src/ee/services/EESecretService.ts
@@ -19,10 +19,8 @@ class EESecretService {
      * @param {String} obj.workspaceId
      */
     static async takeSecretSnapshot({
-        licenseKey,
         workspaceId
     }: {
-        licenseKey: string;
         workspaceId: string;
     }) {
         if (!EELicenseService.isLicenseValid) return;
diff --git a/backend/src/helpers/secret.ts b/backend/src/helpers/secret.ts
index c01503402..4b3585c40 100644
--- a/backend/src/helpers/secret.ts
+++ b/backend/src/helpers/secret.ts
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ const pushSecrets = async ({
 	environment: string;
 	secrets: PushSecret[];
 }): Promise<void> => {
+	// TODO: clean up function and fix up types
 	try {
 		// construct useful data structures
 		const oldSecrets = await pullSecrets({
@@ -63,10 +64,11 @@ const pushSecrets = async ({
 			workspaceId,
 			environment
 		});
+		
 		const oldSecretsObj: any = oldSecrets.reduce((accumulator, s: any) => 
 			({ ...accumulator, [`${s.type}-${s.secretKeyHash}`]: s })
 		, {});
-		const newSecretsObj = secrets.reduce((accumulator, s) => 
+		const newSecretsObj: any = secrets.reduce((accumulator, s) => 
 			({ ...accumulator, [`${s.type}-${s.hashKey}`]: s })
 		, {});
 
@@ -79,8 +81,6 @@ const pushSecrets = async ({
 		if (toDelete.length > 0) {
 			await Secret.deleteMany({
 				_id: { $in: toDelete }
-			}, {
-				rawResult: true
 			});
 			
 			await SecretVersion.updateMany({
@@ -89,31 +89,48 @@ const pushSecrets = async ({
 				isDeleted: true
 			});
 		}
-
-		// handle modifying secrets where type or value changed
-		const toUpdate = secrets
+		
+		const toUpdate = oldSecrets
 			.filter((s) => {
-				if (`${s.type}-${s.hashKey}` in oldSecretsObj) {
-					if (s.hashValue !== oldSecretsObj[`${s.type}-${s.hashKey}`].secretValueHash) {
+				if (`${s.type}-${s.secretKeyHash}` in newSecretsObj) {
+					if (s.secretValueHash !== newSecretsObj[`${s.type}-${s.secretKeyHash}`].hashValue) {
 						// case: filter secrets where value changed
 						return true;
 					}
-				}
 
+					if (!s.version) {
+						// case: filter (legacy) secrets that were not versioned
+						return true;
+					}
+				}
+				
 				return false;
 			});
-		
+
 		const operations = toUpdate
 			.map((s) => {
+				const {
+					ciphertextValue,
+					ivValue,
+					tagValue,
+					hashValue
+				} = newSecretsObj[`${s.type}-${s.secretKeyHash}`];
+
 				const update: Update = {
-					secretValueCiphertext: s.ciphertextValue,
-					secretValueIV: s.ivValue,
-					secretValueTag: s.tagValue,
-					secretValueHash: s.hashValue,
-					$inc: {
+					secretValueCiphertext: ciphertextValue,
+					secretValueIV: ivValue,
+					secretValueTag: tagValue,
+					secretValueHash: hashValue
+				}
+
+				if (!s.version) {
+					// case: (legacy) secret was not versioned
+					update.version = 1;
+				} else {
+					update['$inc'] = {
 						version: 1
 					}
-				};
+				}
 
 				if (s.type === SECRET_PERSONAL) {
 					// attach user associated with the personal secret
@@ -123,7 +140,7 @@ const pushSecrets = async ({
 				return {
 					updateOne: {
 						filter: {
-							_id: oldSecretsObj[`${s.type}-${s.hashKey}`]._id
+							_id: oldSecretsObj[`${s.type}-${s.secretKeyHash}`]._id
 						},
 						update
 					}
@@ -134,28 +151,26 @@ const pushSecrets = async ({
 		// (EE) add secret versions for updated secrets
 		await EESecretService.addSecretVersions({
 			secretVersions: toUpdate.map(({
+				_id,
+				version,
 				type,
-				ciphertextKey,
-				ivKey,
-				tagKey,
-				hashKey,
-				ciphertextValue,
-				ivValue,
-				tagValue,
-				hashValue
-			}) => ({
-				secret: oldSecretsObj[`${type}-${hashKey}`]._id,
-				version: oldSecretsObj[`${type}-${hashKey}`].version + 1,
-				isDeleted: false,
-				secretKeyCiphertext: ciphertextKey,
-				secretKeyIV: ivKey,
-				secretKeyTag: tagKey,
-				secretKeyHash: hashKey,
-				secretValueCiphertext: ciphertextValue,
-				secretValueIV: ivValue,
-				secretValueTag: tagValue,
-				secretValueHash: hashValue
-			})) 
+				secretKeyHash,
+			}) => {
+				const newSecret = newSecretsObj[`${type}-${secretKeyHash}`];
+				return ({
+					secret: _id,
+					version: version ? version + 1 : 1,
+					isDeleted: false,
+					secretKeyCiphertext: newSecret.ciphertextKey,
+					secretKeyIV: newSecret.ivKey,
+					secretKeyTag: newSecret.tagKey,
+					secretKeyHash: newSecret.hashKey,
+					secretValueCiphertext: newSecret.ciphertextValue,
+					secretValueIV: newSecret.ivValue,
+					secretValueTag: newSecret.tagValue,
+					secretValueHash: newSecret.hashValue
+				})
+			}) 
 		});
 
 		// handle adding new secrets
@@ -166,6 +181,7 @@ const pushSecrets = async ({
 			const newSecrets = await Secret.insertMany(
 				toAdd.map((s, idx) => {
 					const obj: any = {
+						version: 1,
 						workspace: workspaceId,
 						type: toAdd[idx].type,
 						environment,
@@ -217,7 +233,6 @@ const pushSecrets = async ({
 		
 		// (EE) take a secret snapshot
 		await EESecretService.takeSecretSnapshot({
-			licenseKey: LICENSE_KEY,
 			workspaceId
 		})
 	} catch (err) {
diff --git a/backend/src/models/secret.ts b/backend/src/models/secret.ts
index ee879de30..d34139ecb 100644
--- a/backend/src/models/secret.ts
+++ b/backend/src/models/secret.ts
@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@ const secretSchema = new Schema<ISecret>(
 	{
 		version: {
 			type: Number,
-			default: 1,
-            required: true
+			required: true
 		},
 		workspace: {
 			type: Schema.Types.ObjectId,
diff --git a/backend/src/utils/patchAsyncRoutes.js b/backend/src/utils/patchAsyncRoutes.js
index 6f6d2367f..24fe007f9 100644
--- a/backend/src/utils/patchAsyncRoutes.js
+++ b/backend/src/utils/patchAsyncRoutes.js
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ function wrap(fn) {
   return copyFnProps(fn, newFn);
 }
 
-export function patchRouterParam() {
+function patchRouterParam() {
   const originalParam = Router.prototype.constructor.param;
   Router.prototype.constructor.param = function param(name, fn) {
     fn = wrap(fn);
@@ -62,4 +62,8 @@ Object.defineProperty(Layer.prototype, 'handle', {
     fn = wrap(fn);
     this.__handle = fn;
   },
-});
\ No newline at end of file
+});
+
+module.exports = {
+  patchRouterParam
+};