diff --git a/backend/src/server/app.ts b/backend/src/server/app.ts
index 00f26f6be..51cef185a 100644
--- a/backend/src/server/app.ts
+++ b/backend/src/server/app.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import cors from "@fastify/cors";
 import fastifyEtag from "@fastify/etag";
 import fastifyFormBody from "@fastify/formbody";
 import helmet from "@fastify/helmet";
+import type { FastifyRateLimitOptions } from "@fastify/rate-limit";
+import ratelimiter from "@fastify/rate-limit";
 import fasitfy from "fastify";
 import { Knex } from "knex";
 import { Logger } from "pino";
@@ -17,6 +19,7 @@ import { getConfig } from "@app/lib/config/env";
 import { TQueueServiceFactory } from "@app/queue";
 import { TSmtpService } from "@app/services/smtp/smtp-service";
 
+import { globalRateLimiterCfg } from "./config/rateLimiter";
 import { fastifyErrHandler } from "./plugins/error-handler";
 import { registerExternalNextjs } from "./plugins/external-nextjs";
 import { serializerCompiler, validatorCompiler, ZodTypeProvider } from "./plugins/fastify-zod";
@@ -64,6 +67,10 @@ export const main = async ({ db, smtp, logger, queue, keyStore }: TMain) => {
     await server.register(fastifyFormBody);
     await server.register(fastifyErrHandler);
 
+    // Rate limiters and security headers
+    if (appCfg.isProductionMode) {
+      await server.register<FastifyRateLimitOptions>(ratelimiter, globalRateLimiterCfg());
+    }
     await server.register(helmet, { contentSecurityPolicy: false });
 
     await server.register(maintenanceMode);
diff --git a/backend/src/server/config/rateLimiter.ts b/backend/src/server/config/rateLimiter.ts
index 20a631395..6c92de62c 100644
--- a/backend/src/server/config/rateLimiter.ts
+++ b/backend/src/server/config/rateLimiter.ts
@@ -1,34 +1,20 @@
 import type { RateLimitOptions, RateLimitPluginOptions } from "@fastify/rate-limit";
-import { FastifyRequest } from "fastify";
 import { Redis } from "ioredis";
 
 import { getConfig } from "@app/lib/config/env";
-import { ActorType } from "@app/services/auth/auth-type";
-
-const getDistinctRequestActorId = (req: FastifyRequest) => {
-  if (req?.auth?.actor === ActorType.USER) {
-    return req.auth.user.username;
-  }
-  if (req?.auth?.actor === ActorType.IDENTITY) {
-    return `${req.auth.identityId}-machine-identity-`;
-  }
-  if (req?.auth?.actor === ActorType.SERVICE) {
-    return `${req.auth.serviceToken.id}-service-token`; // when user gets removed from system
-  }
-  return req.realIp;
-};
 
 export const globalRateLimiterCfg = (): RateLimitPluginOptions => {
   const appCfg = getConfig();
   const redis = appCfg.isRedisConfigured
     ? new Redis(appCfg.REDIS_URL, { connectTimeout: 500, maxRetriesPerRequest: 1 })
     : null;
+
   return {
     timeWindow: 60 * 1000,
     max: 600,
     redis,
     allowList: (req) => req.url === "/healthcheck" || req.url === "/api/status",
-    keyGenerator: (req) => getDistinctRequestActorId(req)
+    keyGenerator: (req) => req.realIp
   };
 };
 
@@ -36,39 +22,39 @@ export const globalRateLimiterCfg = (): RateLimitPluginOptions => {
 export const readLimit: RateLimitOptions = {
   timeWindow: 60 * 1000,
   max: 600,
-  keyGenerator: (req) => getDistinctRequestActorId(req)
+  keyGenerator: (req) => req.realIp
 };
 
 // POST, PATCH, PUT, DELETE endpoints
 export const writeLimit: RateLimitOptions = {
   timeWindow: 60 * 1000,
   max: 50,
-  keyGenerator: (req) => getDistinctRequestActorId(req)
+  keyGenerator: (req) => req.realIp
 };
 
 // special endpoints
 export const secretsLimit: RateLimitOptions = {
   // secrets, folders, secret imports
   timeWindow: 60 * 1000,
-  max: 1000,
-  keyGenerator: (req) => getDistinctRequestActorId(req)
+  max: 60,
+  keyGenerator: (req) => req.realIp
 };
 
 export const authRateLimit: RateLimitOptions = {
   timeWindow: 60 * 1000,
   max: 60,
-  keyGenerator: (req) => getDistinctRequestActorId(req)
+  keyGenerator: (req) => req.realIp
 };
 
 export const inviteUserRateLimit: RateLimitOptions = {
   timeWindow: 60 * 1000,
   max: 30,
-  keyGenerator: (req) => getDistinctRequestActorId(req)
+  keyGenerator: (req) => req.realIp
 };
 
 export const creationLimit: RateLimitOptions = {
   // identity, project, org
   timeWindow: 60 * 1000,
   max: 30,
-  keyGenerator: (req) => getDistinctRequestActorId(req)
+  keyGenerator: (req) => req.realIp
 };
diff --git a/backend/src/server/routes/index.ts b/backend/src/server/routes/index.ts
index dfa1fd364..48e82c9f6 100644
--- a/backend/src/server/routes/index.ts
+++ b/backend/src/server/routes/index.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import ratelimiter, { FastifyRateLimitOptions } from "@fastify/rate-limit";
 import { Knex } from "knex";
 import { z } from "zod";
 
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ import { trustedIpServiceFactory } from "@app/ee/services/trusted-ip/trusted-ip-
 import { TKeyStoreFactory } from "@app/keystore/keystore";
 import { getConfig } from "@app/lib/config/env";
 import { TQueueServiceFactory } from "@app/queue";
-import { globalRateLimiterCfg, readLimit } from "@app/server/config/rateLimiter";
+import { readLimit } from "@app/server/config/rateLimiter";
 import { apiKeyDALFactory } from "@app/services/api-key/api-key-dal";
 import { apiKeyServiceFactory } from "@app/services/api-key/api-key-service";
 import { authDALFactory } from "@app/services/auth/auth-dal";
@@ -875,11 +874,6 @@ export const registerRoutes = async (
     user: userDAL
   });
 
-  // Rate limiters and security headers
-  if (appCfg.isProductionMode) {
-    await server.register<FastifyRateLimitOptions>(ratelimiter, globalRateLimiterCfg());
-  }
-
   await server.register(injectIdentity, { userDAL, serviceTokenDAL });
   await server.register(injectPermission);
   await server.register(injectAuditLogInfo);
diff --git a/backend/src/services/service-token/service-token-service.ts b/backend/src/services/service-token/service-token-service.ts
index e434bd91f..677ba78fa 100644
--- a/backend/src/services/service-token/service-token-service.ts
+++ b/backend/src/services/service-token/service-token-service.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import { TPermissionServiceFactory } from "@app/ee/services/permission/permissio
 import { ProjectPermissionActions, ProjectPermissionSub } from "@app/ee/services/permission/project-permission";
 import { getConfig } from "@app/lib/config/env";
 import { BadRequestError, UnauthorizedError } from "@app/lib/errors";
+import { logger } from "@app/lib/logger";
 
 import { ActorType } from "../auth/auth-type";
 import { TProjectDALFactory } from "../project/project-dal";
@@ -166,11 +167,15 @@ export const serviceTokenServiceFactory = ({
 
     const isMatch = await bcrypt.compare(TOKEN_SECRET, serviceToken.secretHash);
     if (!isMatch) throw new UnauthorizedError();
-    const updatedToken = await serviceTokenDAL.updateById(serviceToken.id, {
-      lastUsed: new Date()
-    });
+    // const updatedToken = await serviceTokenDAL.updateById(serviceToken.id, {
+    //   lastUsed: new Date()
+    // });
 
-    return { ...serviceToken, lastUsed: updatedToken.lastUsed, orgId: project.orgId };
+    logger.info(
+      `fnValidateServiceToken: [serviceToken=${serviceToken.id}] [serviceTokenProjectId=${serviceToken.projectId}]`
+    );
+
+    return { ...serviceToken, lastUsed: serviceToken.lastUsed, orgId: project.orgId };
   };
 
   return {